Unknown Words

Even with large training corpora, unknown words in the test data will appear.

Unknown Words is the main subject of 13 publications. 2 are discussed here.

Publications

Habash, Nizar (2008): Four Techniques for Online Handling of Out-of-Vocabulary Words in Arabic-English Statistical Machine Translation, Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Short Papers

DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

@InProceedings{habash:2008:ACLShort,
author = {Habash, Nizar},
title = {Four Techniques for Online Handling of Out-of-Vocabulary Words in Arabic-English Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Short Papers},
month = {June},
address = {Columbus, Ohio},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {57--60},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P08/P08-2015},
year = 2008
}

Karakos, Damianos and Eisner, Jason and Khudanpur, Sanjeev and Dreyer, Markus (2008): Machine Translation System Combination using ITG-based Alignments, Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Short Papers mentioned in Unknown Words and System Combination

DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

@InProceedings{karakos-EtAl:2008:ACLShort,
author = {Karakos, Damianos and Eisner, Jason and Khudanpur, Sanjeev and Dreyer, Markus},
title = {Machine Translation System Combination using ITG-based Alignments},
booktitle = {Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Short Papers},
month = {June},
address = {Columbus, Ohio},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {81--84},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P08/P08-2021},
year = 2008
}

Benchmarks

Discussion

Related Topics

New Publications

• Aminian, Maryam and Ghoneim, Mahmoud and Diab, Mona (2014): Handling OOV Words in Dialectal Arabic to English Machine Translation, Proceedings of the EMNLP'2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @InProceedings{aminian-ghoneim-diab:2014:LT4CloseLang,
  author = {Aminian, Maryam and Ghoneim, Mahmoud and Diab, Mona},
  title = {Handling OOV Words in Dialectal Arabic to {English} Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the EMNLP'2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants},
  month = {October},
  address = {Doha, Qatar},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {99--108},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4213},
  year = 2014
  }
  Aminian et al. (2014)
• Servan, Christophe and Dymetman, Marc (2015): Adaptation par enrichissement terminologique en traduction automatique statistique fondée sur la génération et le filtrage de bi-segments virtuels, 22ème Conférence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles mentioned in Domain Adaptation, Context Features and Unknown Words

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @inproceedings{servan:hal-01157850,
  author = {Servan, Christophe and Dymetman, Marc},
  title = {{Adaptation par enrichissement terminologique en traduction automatique statistique fond{\'e}e sur la g{\'e}n{\'e}ration et le filtrage de bi-segments virtuels}},
  url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01157850},
  booktitle = {{22{\`e}me Conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles}},
  address = {Caen, France},
  organization = {{ATALA}},
  month = {Jun},
  keywords = {Traduction Automatique Statistique ; G{\'e}n{\'e}ration Automatique de Texte ; contexte phrastique ; terminologie bilingue},
  pdf = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01157850/file/terminology-final-version.pdf},
  hal\_id = {hal-01157850},
  hal\_version = {v1},
  year = 2015
  }
  Servan and Dymetman (2015)
• Tsvetkov, Yulia and Dyer, Chris (2015): Lexicon Stratification for Translating Out-of-Vocabulary Words, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @InProceedings{tsvetkov-dyer:2015:ACL-IJCNLP,
  author = {Tsvetkov, Yulia and Dyer, Chris},
  title = {Lexicon Stratification for Translating Out-of-Vocabulary Words},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
  month = {July},
  address = {Beijing, China},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {125--131},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-2021},
  year = 2015
  }
  Tsvetkov and Dyer (2015)
• Singla, Karan and Sachdeva, Kunal and Bangalore, Srinivas and Sharma, Dipti Misra and Yadav, Diksha (2014): Reducing the Impact of Data Sparsity in Statistical Machine Translation, Proceedings of SSST-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @InProceedings{singla-EtAl:2014:SSST-8,
  author = {Singla, Karan and Sachdeva, Kunal and Bangalore, Srinivas and Sharma, Dipti Misra and Yadav, Diksha},
  title = {Reducing the Impact of Data Sparsity in Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of SSST-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation},
  month = {October},
  address = {Doha, Qatar},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {51--56},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4006},
  year = 2014
  }
  Singla et al. (2014)
• Mark Fishel and Rico Sennrich (2014): Handling technical OOVs in SMT, Proceedings of 17th Annual conference of the European Association for Machine Translation

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @inproceedings{eamt-2014-Fishel,
  author = {Mark Fishel and Rico Sennrich},
  title = {Handling technical OOVs in SMT},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of 17th Annual conference of the European Association for Machine Translation},
  pages = {159-162},
  url = {http://www.mt-archive.info/10/EAMT-2014-Fishel.pdf},
  location = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},
  year = 2014
  }
  Fishel and Sennrich (2014)
• Razmara, Majid and Siahbani, Maryam and Haffari, Reza and Sarkar, Anoop (2013): Graph Propagation for Paraphrasing Out-of-Vocabulary Words in Statistical Machine Translation, Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @InProceedings{razmara-EtAl:2013:ACL2013,
  author = {Razmara, Majid and Siahbani, Maryam and Haffari, Reza and Sarkar, Anoop},
  title = {Graph Propagation for Paraphrasing Out-of-Vocabulary Words in Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  month = {August},
  address = {Sofia, Bulgaria},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {1105--1115},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1109},
  year = 2013
  }
  Razmara et al. (2013)
• Chung-chi Huang and Ho-ching Yen and Shih-ting Huang and Jason Chang (2010): Using Sublexical Translations to Handle the OOV Problem in MT, Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @inproceedings{AMTA-2010-Huang,
  author = {Chung-chi Huang and Ho-ching Yen and Shih-ting Huang and Jason Chang},
  title = {Using Sublexical Translations to Handle the {OOV} Problem in {MT}},
  url = {http://www.mt-archive.info/AMTA-2010-Huang.pdf},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas},
  location = {Denver, Colorado},
  year = 2010
  }
  Huang et al. (2010)
• P. Banerjee and S. K. Naskar and J. Roturier and A. Way and J. van Genabith (2012): Domain Adaptation in SMT of User-Generated Forum Content Guided by OOV Word Reduction: Normalization and/or Supplementary Data?, Proceedings of th 16th International Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @inproceedings{EAMT-2012-Banerjee,
  author = {P. Banerjee and S. K. Naskar and J. Roturier and A. Way and J. van Genabith},
  title = {Domain Adaptation in {SMT} of User-Generated Forum Content Guided by {OOV} Word Reduction: Normalization and/or Supplementary Data?},
  url = {http://www.mt-archive.info/EAMT-2012-Banerjee},
  pages = {169-176},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of th 16th International Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)},
  location = {Trento, Italy},
  editor = {Mauro Cettolo and Marcello Federico and Lucia Specia and Andy Way},
  year = 2012
  }
  Banerjee et al. (2012)
• Nizar Habash and Hayden Metsky (2008): Automatic Learning of Morphological Variations for Handling Out-of-Vocabulary Terms in Urdu-English MT, Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @inproceedings{amta08:Habash,
  author = {Nizar Habash and Hayden Metsky},
  title = {Automatic Learning of Morphological Variations for Handling Out-of-Vocabulary Terms in {U}rdu-{E}nglish {MT}},
  url = {http://www.mt-archive.info/AMTA-2008-Habash.pdf},
  googlescholar = {13194293164029515226},
  pages = {107--116},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)},
  location = {Waikiki, Hawaii},
  year = 2008
  }
  Habash and Metsky (2008)
• Zhang, Yuejie and Wang, Yang and Xue, Xiangyang (2009): English-Chinese Bi-Directional OOV Translation based on Web Mining and Supervised Learning, Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @InProceedings{zhang-wang-xue:2009:Short,
  author = {Zhang, Yuejie and Wang, Yang and Xue, Xiangyang},
  title = {English-Chinese Bi-Directional OOV Translation based on Web Mining and Supervised Learning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers},
  month = {August},
  address = {Suntec, Singapore},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {129--132},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P09/P09-2033},
  year = 2009
  }
  Zhang et al. (2009)
• Mirkin, Shachar and Specia, Lucia and Cancedda, Nicola and Dagan, Ido and Dymetman, Marc and Szpektor, Idan (2009): Source-Language Entailment Modeling for Translating Unknown Terms, Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP

  DELETEIntroduction   ResearchGroups   AvailableSoftware   SpeechTranslation   SignLanguage   ComputerAidedTranslation   OtherApproaches   Deployment Data   ParallelCorpora   ComparableCorpora   Dictionaries   CorpusCleaning   SentenceAlignment   Truecasing   WordSegmentation   SpellingCorrection   SparseData   PivotLanguages   DomainAdaptation WordBasedModels   IBMModels   Symmetrization   WordAlignment     WordAlignmentBasedOnCoocurrence     WordAlignmentWithLinguisticAnnotation     WordAlignmentForSyntaxBasedModels     DiscriminativeWordAlignment     WordAlignmentCombination     WordAlignmentEvaluation     AlignmentOfSubsententialUnits   DictionariesFromComparableCorpora   LexicalChoice   MTWithoutWordAlignment PhraseBasedModels   PhraseBasedModelTraining   PhraseBasedModelEM   PhraseBasedModelRefinement   ContextFeatures   Smoothing   Paraphrasing   PruningLargeModels   SuffixArrays   ReorderingModels   PhraseBasedVsEBMT SyntaxBasedModels   InversionTransductionGrammars   HierarchicalModels   StringToTree   TreeToString   TreeToTree   BinarizingSCFG   GenerativeSyntaxModels   DependencyStructure   DeepSyntax   ParseQuality   ParallelTreebanks   SyntacticCoherence LinguisticProblems   UnknownWords   Morphology   GeneratingRichMorphology   FactoredTranslationModels   Compounds   TranslatingTenseCaseMarkers   TranslatingChunksAndClauses   DocumentLevelAspects   Transliteration     TransliterationWithFSM     TransliterationWithOtherMethods     ForwardTransliteration     TransliterationTrainingData     IntegratingTransliteration   SyntacticPrereordering   POSChunkPrereordering   SyntacticReranking   IntegratingSyntacticFeatures LanguageModels   NGramLanguageModels   TargetedLanguageModels   MorphologicalLanguageModels   VeryLargeLanguageModels Decoding   StackDecoding   ReorderingConstraints   WordBasedDecoding   FiniteStateMachines   DecodingComplexity   SyntaxModelDecoding Evaluation   EvaluationCampaigns   ManualMetrics   TaskBasedMetrics   EditRateMetrics   NGramMetrics   SyntaxBasedMetrics   CorrelationOfMetrics   TrainedMetrics   TranslationDifficulty   StatisticalSignificance MachineLearning   WordGraphs   ParameterTuning   Reranking   LargeScaleDiscriminativeTraining   MinimumBayesRisk   ConfidenceMeasures   SystemCombination   IncrementalUpdating NeuralNetworkModels   NeuralLanguageModels   AttentionModel   Training   Inference   Coverage   Vocabulary   Embeddings   MultilingualWordEmbeddings   MonolingualData   Adaptation   LinguisticAnnotation   MultilingualMultimodalMultitask   AlternativeArchitectures   AnalysisAndVisualization   NeuralComponentsInStatisticalMachineTranslation add

  

  @InProceedings{mirkin-EtAl:2009:ACLIJCNLP,
  author = {Mirkin, Shachar and Specia, Lucia and Cancedda, Nicola and Dagan, Ido and Dymetman, Marc and Szpektor, Idan},
  title = {Source-Language Entailment Modeling for Translating Unknown Terms},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP},
  month = {August},
  address = {Suntec, Singapore},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages = {791--799},
  url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P09/P09-1089},
  year = 2009
  }
  Mirkin et al. (2009)