System Combination
If multiple machine translation systems are available, we may want to combine their outputs, or even their internal representations in some way to combine their strengths.
System Combination is the main subject of 104 publications. 22 are discussed here.
Publications
System combination is also called Multi-Engine Machine Translation
T. Nomoto (2003):
Predictive Models of Performance in Multi-Engine Machine Translation, Proceedings of the MT Summit IX

@inproceedings{Nomoto:2003,
author = { T. Nomoto},
title = { Predictive Models of Performance in Multi-Engine Machine Translation},
url = {
http://www.mt-archive.info/MTS-2003-Nomoto.pdf},
googlescholar = {18165044507085043477},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {MT} Summit IX},
year = 2003
}
(Nomoto, 2003), and may take the form of a classifier that decides which system's output to trust
Zwarts, Simon and Dras, Mark (2008):
Choosing the Right Translation: A Syntactically Informed Classification Approach, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)

@InProceedings{zwarts-dras:2008:PAPERS,
author = {Zwarts, Simon and Dras, Mark},
title = {Choosing the Right Translation: A Syntactically Informed Classification Approach},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)},
month = {August},
address = {Manchester, UK},
publisher = {Coling 2008 Organizing Committee},
pages = {1153--1160},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1145},
year = 2008
}
(Zwarts and Dras, 2008). The prevailing idea is to combine the output of different systems without deeper integration of their architectures, which has been very successful in speech recognition
Jonathan G. Fiscus (1997):
A post-processing system to yield reduced word error rates: Recognizer output voting error reduction (ROVER), Proceesings of the Conference on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU)

@InProceedings{ROVER,
author = {Jonathan G. Fiscus},
title = {A post-processing system to yield reduced word error rates: Recognizer output voting error reduction ({ROVER})},
booktitle = {Proceesings of the Conference on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU)},
pages = {347--354},
year = 1997
}
(Fiscus, 1997) and follows a machine learning paradigm called ensemble learning.
Srinivas Bangalore and Vanessa Murdock and Giuseppe Riccardi (2002):
Bootstrapping Bilingual Data using Consensus Translation for a Multilingual Instant Messaging System, Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)

@InProceedings{Bangalore:2002,
author = {Srinivas Bangalore and Vanessa Murdock and Giuseppe Riccardi},
title = {Bootstrapping Bilingual Data using Consensus Translation for a Multilingual Instant Messaging System},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)},
year = 2002
}
Bangalore et al. (2002) use a confusion network representation for the computation of consensus translations of different off-the-shelf systems, while
Menno van Zaanen and Harold L. Somers (2005):
DEMOCRAT: Deciding between Multiple Outputs Created by Automatic Translation, Proceedings of the Tenth Machine Translation Summit (MT Summit X)

@InProceedings{Zaanen:2005:MTS,
author = {Menno van Zaanen and Harold L. Somers},
title = {{DEMOCRAT}: Deciding between Multiple Outputs Created by Automatic Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth Machine Translation Summit (MT Summit X)},
month = {September},
address = {Phuket, Thailand},
year = 2005
}
Zaanen and Somers (2005) use a word graph and
Jayaraman, Shyamsundar and Lavie, Alon (2005):
Multi-Engine Machine Translation Guided by Explicit Word Matching, Proceedings of the ACL Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions

@InProceedings{jayaraman-lavie:2005:PosterDemo,
author = {Jayaraman, Shyamsundar and Lavie, Alon},
title = {Multi-Engine Machine Translation Guided by Explicit Word Matching},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions},
month = {June},
address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {101--104},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P05/P05-3026},
year = 2005
}
Jayaraman and Lavie (2005) use a decoder to search through possible combinations, possibly augmented with a phrase translation table
Eisele, Andreas and Federmann, Christian and Saint-Amand, Hervé and Jellinghaus, Michael and Herrmann, Teresa and Chen, Yu (2008):
Using Moses to Integrate Multiple Rule-Based Machine Translation Engines into a Hybrid System, Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
mentioned in Research Groups and System Combination@InProceedings{eisele-EtAl:2008:WMT,
author = {Eisele, Andreas and Federmann, Christian and Saint-Amand, Herv\'{e} and Jellinghaus, Michael and Herrmann, Teresa and Chen, Yu},
title = {Using Moses to Integrate Multiple Rule-Based Machine Translation Engines into a Hybrid System},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
month = {June},
address = {Columbus, Ohio},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {179--182},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W08/W08-0328},
year = 2008
}
(Eisele et al., 2008).
Eisele, Andreas (2005):
First Steps towards Multi-Engine Machine Translation, Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts
mentioned in Parallel Corpora and System Combination@InProceedings{eisele:2005:WPT,
author = {Eisele, Andreas},
title = {First Steps towards Multi-Engine Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts},
month = {June},
address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {155--158},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W05/W05-0828},
year = 2005
}
Eisele (2005) compares a statistical and a heuristic method.
Antti-Veikko I. Rosti and Bing Xiang and Spyros Matsoukas and Richard Schwartz and Necip Fazil Ayan and Bonnie J. Dorr (2007):
Combining output from multiple machine translation systems, Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference

@InProceedings{rosti-EtAl:2007:main,
author = {Antti-Veikko I. Rosti and Bing Xiang and Spyros Matsoukas and Richard Schwartz and Necip Fazil Ayan and Bonnie J. Dorr},
title = {Combining output from multiple machine translation systems},
url = {
http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/N/N07/N07-1029.pdf},
googlescholar = {6081226726953310638},
booktitle = {Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference},
month = {April},
address = {Rochester, New York},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {228--235},
year = 2007
}
Rosti et al. (2007);
Rosti, Antti-Veikko I. and Matsoukas, Spyros and Schwartz, Richard (2007):
Improved Word-Level System Combination for Machine Translation, Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics

@InProceedings{rosti-matsoukas-schwartz:2007:ACLMain,
author = {Rosti, Antti-Veikko I. and Matsoukas, Spyros and Schwartz, Richard},
title = {Improved Word-Level System Combination for Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics},
month = {June},
address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {312--319},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P07/P07-1040},
year = 2007
}
Rosti et al. (2007b) propose the construction of confusion networks by aligning the different system outputs, which may be improved by an incremental alignment process
Rosti, Antti-Veikko I. and Zhang, Bing and Matsoukas, Spyros and Schwartz, Richard (2008):
Incremental Hypothesis Alignment for Building Confusion Networks with Application to Machine Translation System Combination, Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation

@InProceedings{rosti-EtAl:2008:WMT,
author = {Rosti, Antti-Veikko I. and Zhang, Bing and Matsoukas, Spyros and Schwartz, Richard},
title = {Incremental Hypothesis Alignment for Building Confusion Networks with Application to Machine Translation System Combination},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
month = {June},
address = {Columbus, Ohio},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {183--186},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W08/W08-0329},
year = 2008
}
(Rosti et al., 2008).
Evgeny Matusov and Nicola Ueffing and Hermann Ney (2006):
Computing Consensus Translation for Multiple Machine Translation Systems Using Enhanced Hypothesis Alignment, Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

@InProceedings{Matusov:2006:EACL,
author = {Evgeny Matusov and Nicola Ueffing and Hermann Ney},
title = {Computing Consensus Translation for Multiple Machine Translation Systems Using Enhanced Hypothesis Alignment},
url = {
http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/E/E06/E06-1005.pdf},
googlescholar = {16319127782674049792},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
month = {April},
address = {Trento, Italy},
year = 2006
}
Matusov et al. (2006) use IBM Models to align the words in the different system translations, while
Karakos, Damianos and Eisner, Jason and Khudanpur, Sanjeev and Dreyer, Markus (2008):
Machine Translation System Combination using ITG-based Alignments, Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Short Papers
mentioned in Unknown Words and System Combination@InProceedings{karakos-EtAl:2008:ACLShort,
author = {Karakos, Damianos and Eisner, Jason and Khudanpur, Sanjeev and Dreyer, Markus},
title = {Machine Translation System Combination using ITG-based Alignments},
booktitle = {Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Short Papers},
month = {June},
address = {Columbus, Ohio},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {81--84},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P08/P08-2021},
year = 2008
}
Karakos et al. (2008) suggest to limit alignments with the ITG constraint. Word alignment may be aided by using information about synonyms, which may be provided by Wordnet synsets
Ayan, Necip Fazil and Zheng, Jing and Wang, Wen (2008):
Improving Alignments for Better Confusion Networks for Combining Machine Translation Systems, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)

@InProceedings{ayan-zheng-wang:2008:PAPERS,
author = {Ayan, Necip Fazil and Zheng, Jing and Wang, Wen},
title = {Improving Alignments for Better Confusion Networks for Combining Machine Translation Systems},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)},
month = {August},
address = {Manchester, UK},
publisher = {Coling 2008 Organizing Committee},
pages = {33--40},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-1005},
year = 2008
}
(Ayan et al., 2008).
Huang, Fei and Papineni, Kishore (2007):
Hierarchical System Combination for Machine Translation, Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)

@InProceedings{huang-papineni:2007:EMNLP-CoNLL2007,
author = {Huang, Fei and Papineni, Kishore},
title = {Hierarchical System Combination for Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)},
pages = {277--286},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D07/D07-1029},
year = 2007
}
Huang and Papineni (2007) use some of the internals of the translation systems, such as phrase segmentation, to guide combination.
Macherey, Wolfgang and Och, Franz Josef (2007):
An Empirical Study on Computing Consensus Translations from Multiple Machine Translation Systems, Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)

@InProceedings{macherey-och:2007:EMNLP-CoNLL2007,
author = {Macherey, Wolfgang and Och, Franz Josef},
title = {An Empirical Study on Computing Consensus Translations from Multiple Machine Translation Systems},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)},
pages = {986--995},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D07/D07-1105},
year = 2007
}
Macherey and Och (2007) look at various properties of system combination methods, such as the relative quality of the system and how well they correlate, and its effect on success.
System combination may be also used to combine systems that use the same methodology, but are trained on corpora with different morphological preprocessing
Young-Suk Lee (2006):
IBM Arabic-to-English translation for IWSLT 2006, Proc. of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation
mentioned in Research Groups and System Combination@inproceedings{Lee:2006:IWSLT,
author = {Young-Suk Lee},
title = {{IBM} {A}rabic-to-{E}nglish translation for {IWSLT} 2006},
url = {
http://20.210-193-52.unknown.qala.com.sg/archive/iwslt\_06/papers/slt6\_045.pdf},
googlescholar = {9515608763883463188},
month = {November},
booktitle = {Proc. of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation},
address = {Kyoto, Japan},
year = 2006
}
(Lee, 2006), or different word alignment methods
Kumar, Shankar and Och, Franz Josef and Macherey, Wolfgang (2007):
Improving Word Alignment with Bridge Languages, Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)
mentioned in Pivot Languages and System Combination@InProceedings{kumar-och-macherey:2007:EMNLP-CoNLL2007,
author = {Kumar, Shankar and Och, Franz Josef and Macherey, Wolfgang},
title = {Improving Word Alignment with Bridge Languages},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)},
pages = {42--50},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D07/D07-1005},
year = 2007
}
(Kumar et al., 2007).
Based on work on
consensus translation,
DeNero, John and Kumar, Shankar and Chelba, Ciprian and Och, Franz (2010):
Model Combination for Machine Translation, Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

@InProceedings{denero-EtAl:2010:NAACLHLT,
author = {DeNero, John and Kumar, Shankar and Chelba, Ciprian and Och, Franz},
title = {Model Combination for Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
month = {June},
address = {Los Angeles, California},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {975--983},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1141},
year = 2010
}
DeNero et al. (2010) go beyond system translations and consider the search graph of multiple systems to carry out system combination.
Benchmarks
System combination was the task at the WMT evaluation campaigns
Callison-Burch, Chris and Koehn, Philipp and Monz, Christof and Schroeder, Josh (2009):
Findings of the 2009 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
mentioned in Evaluation Campaigns and System Combination@InProceedings{callisonburch-EtAl:2009:WMT-09,
author = {Callison-Burch, Chris and Koehn, Philipp and Monz, Christof and Schroeder, Josh},
title = {Findings of the 2009 {W}orkshop on {S}tatistical {M}achine {T}ranslation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
month = {March},
address = {Athens, Greece},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {1--28},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W09/W09-0401},
year = 2009
}
(Callison-Burch et al., 2009;
Callison-Burch, Chris and Koehn, Philipp and Monz, Christof and Peterson, Kay and Przybocki, Mark and Zaidan, Omar (2010):
Findings of the 2010 Joint Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and Metrics for Machine Translation, Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR
mentioned in Evaluation Campaigns and System Combination@InProceedings{callisonburch-EtAl:2010:WMT,
author = {Callison-Burch, Chris and Koehn, Philipp and Monz, Christof and Peterson, Kay and Przybocki, Mark and Zaidan, Omar},
title = {Findings of the 2010 Joint Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and Metrics for Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR},
month = {July},
address = {Uppsala, Sweden},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {17--53},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1703},
year = 2010
}
Callison-Burch et al., 2010;
Callison-Burch, Chris and Koehn, Philipp and Monz, Christof and Zaidan, Omar (2011):
Findings of the 2011 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
mentioned in Sparse Data, Evaluation Campaigns and System Combination@InProceedings{callisonburch-EtAl:2011:WMT,
author = {Callison-Burch, Chris and Koehn, Philipp and Monz, Christof and Zaidan, Omar},
title = {Findings of the 2011 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
month = {July},
address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {22--64},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2103},
year = 2011
}
Callison-Burch et al., 2011), which provide standard test sets.
Discussion
Related Topics
New Publications
Benjamin Marie and Atsushi Fujita (2018):
A Smorgasbord of Features to Combine Phrase-Based and Neural Machine Translation, Annual Meeting of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)

@inproceedings{AMTA2018-Marie,
author = {Benjamin Marie and Atsushi Fujita},
title = {A Smorgasbord of Features to Combine Phrase-Based and Neural Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Annual Meeting of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)},
location = {Boston, USA},
year = 2018
}
Marie and Fujita (2018)
Marie, Benjamin and Wang, Rui and Fujita, Atsushi and Utiyama, Masao and Sumita, Eiichiro (2018):
NICT's Neural and Statistical Machine Translation Systems for the WMT18 News Translation Task, Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers

@inproceedings{W18-6419,
author = {Marie, Benjamin and Wang, Rui and Fujita, Atsushi and Utiyama, Masao and Sumita, Eiichiro},
title = {NICT{'}s Neural and Statistical Machine Translation Systems for the WMT18 News Translation Task},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers},
month = {oct},
address = {Belgium, Brussels},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
url = {
https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6419},
pages = {449--455},
year = 2018
}
Marie et al. (2018)
Razmara, Majid and Sarkar, Anoop (2013):
Ensemble Triangulation for Statistical Machine Translation, Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing

@InProceedings{razmara-sarkar:2013:IJCNLP,
author = {Razmara, Majid and Sarkar, Anoop},
title = {Ensemble Triangulation for Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing},
month = {October},
address = {Nagoya, Japan},
publisher = {Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing},
pages = {252--260},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I13-1029},
year = 2013
}
Razmara and Sarkar (2013)
Christian Federmann and Maite Melero and Pavel Pecina and Josef van Genabith (2012):
Towards Optimal Choice Selection for Improved Hybrid Machine Translation, The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics

@article{pbml-97-federmann-et-al,
author = {Christian Federmann and Maite Melero and Pavel Pecina and Josef van Genabith},
title = {Towards Optimal Choice Selection for Improved Hybrid Machine Translation},
url = {
http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pbml/97/art-federmann-et-al.pdf},
pages = {5--22},
journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics},
volume = {97},
year = 2012
}
Federmann et al. (2012)
- Formiga et al. (2013)
Nicolai, Garrett and Hauer, Bradley and Salameh, Mohammad and St Arnaud, Adam and Xu, Ying and Yao, Lei and Kondrak, Grzegorz (2015):
Multiple System Combination for Transliteration, Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop

@InProceedings{nicolai-EtAl:2015:NEWS2015,
author = {Nicolai, Garrett and Hauer, Bradley and Salameh, Mohammad and St Arnaud, Adam and Xu, Ying and Yao, Lei and Kondrak, Grzegorz},
title = {Multiple System Combination for Transliteration},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Named Entity Workshop},
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address = {Beijing, China},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {72--77},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3911},
year = 2015
}
Nicolai et al. (2015)
Rikters, Mat\=\iss (2015):
Multi-system machine translation using online APIs for English-Latvian, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation (HyTra)

@InProceedings{rikters:2015:HyTra-4,
author = {Rikters, Mat\={\i}ss},
title = {Multi-system machine translation using online APIs for English-Latvian},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Translation (HyTra)},
month = {July},
address = {Beijing},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {6--10},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-4102},
year = 2015
}
Rikters (2015)
Freitag, Markus and Peter, Jan-Thorsten and Peitz, Stephan and Feng, Minwei and Ney, Hermann (2015):
Local System Voting Feature for Machine Translation System Combination, Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation

@InProceedings{freitag-EtAl:2015:WMT,
author = {Freitag, Markus and Peter, Jan-Thorsten and Peitz, Stephan and Feng, Minwei and Ney, Hermann},
title = {Local System Voting Feature for Machine Translation System Combination},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
month = {September},
address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {467--476},
url = {
http://aclweb.org/anthology/W15-3060},
year = 2015
}
Freitag et al. (2015)
Rubino, Raphael and Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina and van Genabith, Josef (2016):
Information Density and Quality Estimation Features as Translationese Indicators for Human Translation Classification, Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies

@InProceedings{rubino-lapshinovakoltunski-vangenabith:2016:N16-1,
author = {Rubino, Raphael and Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina and van Genabith, Josef},
title = {Information Density and Quality Estimation Features as Translationese Indicators for Human Translation Classification},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
month = {June},
address = {San Diego, California},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {960--970},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-1110},
year = 2016
}
Rubino et al. (2016)
Ma, Wei-Yun and McKeown, Kathleen (2015):
System Combination for Machine Translation through Paraphrasing, Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

@InProceedings{ma-mckeown:2015:EMNLP,
author = {Ma, Wei-Yun and McKeown, Kathleen},
title = {System Combination for Machine Translation through Paraphrasing},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
month = {September},
address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {1053--1058},
url = {
http://aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1122},
year = 2015
}
Ma and McKeown (2015)
Razmara, Majid and Sarkar, Anoop (2013):
Stacking for Statistical Machine Translation, Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)

@InProceedings{razmara-sarkar:2013:Short,
author = {Razmara, Majid and Sarkar, Anoop},
title = {Stacking for Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
month = {August},
address = {Sofia, Bulgaria},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {334--339},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-2060},
year = 2013
}
Razmara and Sarkar (2013)
Ghannay, Sahar and Barrault, Loïc (2014):
Using Hypothesis Selection Based Features for Confusion Network MT System Combination, Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation (HyTra)

@InProceedings{ghannay-barrault:2014:HyTra,
author = {Ghannay, Sahar and Barrault, Lo\"{i}c},
title = {Using Hypothesis Selection Based Features for Confusion Network {MT} System Combination},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation (HyTra)},
month = {April},
address = {Gothenburg, Sweden},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {2--6},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-1002},
year = 2014
}
Ghannay and Barrault (2014)
Xia, Tian and Ji, Zongcheng and Zhai, Shaodan and Chen, Yidong and Liu, Qun and Wang, Shaojun (2013):
Improving Alignment of System Combination by Using Multi-objective Optimization, Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

@InProceedings{xia-EtAl:2013:EMNLP,
author = {Xia, Tian and Ji, Zongcheng and Zhai, Shaodan and Chen, Yidong and Liu, Qun and Wang, Shaojun},
title = {Improving Alignment of System Combination by Using Multi-objective Optimization},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
month = {October},
address = {Seattle, Washington, USA},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {535--544},
url = {
http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1051},
year = 2013
}
Xia et al. (2013)
Singla, Karan and Singh, Anupam and Shastri, Nishkarsh and Jhunjhunwala, Megha and Bangalore, Srinivas and Sharma, Dipti Misra (2014):
Exploring System Combination approaches for Indo-Aryan MT Systems, Proceedings of the EMNLP'2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants

@InProceedings{singla-EtAl:2014:LT4CloseLang,
author = {Singla, Karan and Singh, Anupam and Shastri, Nishkarsh and Jhunjhunwala, Megha and Bangalore, Srinivas and Sharma, Dipti Misra},
title = {Exploring System Combination approaches for Indo-Aryan {MT} Systems},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the EMNLP'2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants},
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title = {Exploring System Combination approaches for Indo-Aryan {MT} Systems},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the EMNLP'2014 Workshop on Language Technology for Closely Related Languages and Language Variants},
month = {October},
address = {Doha, Qatar},
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@inproceedings{Gonzalez-Rubio-1:iwslt:2013,
author = {Jes{\'u}s Gonz{\'a}lez-Rubio and Francisco Casacuberta},
title = {Improving the minimum {Bayes'} risk combination of machine translation systems},
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title = {An Evaluation of Statistical Post-Editing Systems Applied to {RBMT} and {SMT} Systems},
booktitle = {Proceedings of COLING 2012},
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address = {Mumbai, India},
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booktitle = {Proceedings of th 16th International Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)},
location = {Trento, Italy},
editor = {Mauro Cettolo and Marcello Federico and Lucia Specia and Andy Way},
year = 2012
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Learning Translation Consensus with Structured Label Propagation, Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

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month = {July},
address = {Jeju Island, Korea},
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title = {Mixing Multiple Translation Models in Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
month = {July},
address = {Jeju Island, Korea},
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month = {June},
address = {Montr\'{e}al, Canada},
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System Combination Using Joint, Binarised Feature Vectors, Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid MT

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month = {December},
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month = {December},
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title = {Review of Hypothesis Alignment Algorithms for {MT} System Combination via Confusion Network Decoding},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
month = {June},
address = {Montreal, Canada},
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month = {June},
address = {Montreal, Canada},
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booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)},
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month = {August},
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title = {Combining Multi-Engine Translations with {M}oses},
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